Handbook of Safety Principles

NIKLAS MOELLER, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. The author of approximately 20 international journal articles, Dr. Moeller's research interests include the philosophy of risk, metaethics, philosophy of science, and epistemology. SVEN OVE HANSSON, PhD, is Professor of Philosophy at the Royal Institute of Technology. He has authored over 300 articles in international journals and is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. Dr. Hansson is also a Topical Editor for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science. JAN-ERIK HOLMBERG, PhD, is Senior Consultant at Risk Pilot AB and Adjunct Professor of Probabilistic Risk and Safety Analysis at the Royal Institute of Technology. Dr. Holmberg received his PhD in Applied Mathematics from Helsinki University of Technology in 1997. CARL ROLLENHAGEN, PhD, is Adjunct Professor of Risk and Safety at the Royal Institute of Technology. Dr. Rollenhagen has performed extensive research in the field of human factors and MTO (Man, Technology, and Organization) with a specific emphasis on safety culture and climate, event investigation methods, and organizational safety assessment.

Preface xxv List of Contributors xxvii 1 Introduction 1 Niklas Moeller, Sven Ove Hansson, Jan-Erik Holmberg, and Carl Rollenhagen 1.1 Competition, Overlap, and Conflicts 1 1.2 A New Level in the Study of Safety Principles 2 1.3 Metaprinciples of Safety 3 1.4 Other Ways to Characterize Safety Principles 5 1.5 Conflicts Between Safety Principles 7 1.6 When Can Safety Principles Be Broken? 8 1.7 Safety in Context 9 References 10 2 Preview 11 Niklas Moeller, Sven Ove Hansson, Jan-Erik Holmberg, and Carl Rollenhagen 2.1 Part I: Safety Reserves 12 2.2 Part II: Information and Control 13 2.3 Part III: Demonstrability 16 2.4 Part IV: Optimization 17 2.5 Part V: Organizational Principles and Practices 20 Part I Safety Reserves 23 3 Resilience Engineering and the Future of Safety Management 25 Erik Hollnagel 3.1 On the Origins of Resilience 25 3.2 The Resilience Engineering Understanding of "Resilience" 27 3.3 The Four Potentials for Resilience Performance 29 3.4 Safety Management Systems 31 3.5 Developing Definitions of Resilience 33 3.6 Managing the Potentials for Resilient Performance 34 3.7 Resilience Management: LP-HI OR HP-LI? 37 References 39 4 Defense-In-Depth 42 Jan-Erik Holmberg 4.1 Introduction 42 4.2 Underlying Theory and Theoretical Assumptions 43 4.3 Redundancy, Diversity, and Separation Principles 44 4.4 Use and Implementation 53 4.5 Empirical Research on use and Efficiency 57 4.6 Weaknesses, Limitations, and Criticism 57 4.7 Relations to Other Safety Principles 59 References 60 Further Reading 61 5 Safety Barriers 63 Lars Harms-Ringdahl and Carl Rollenhagen 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 Origin and Theoretical Background 65 5.3 Definitions and Terminology 67 5.4 Classification of Barriers 71 5.5 Methods for Analysis of Safety Barriers 75 5.6 Quality and Efficiency of Barriers 79 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions 82 References 84 6 Factors and Margins of Safety 87 Neelke Doorn and Sven Ove Hansson 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Origin and History 91 6.3 Definitions and Terminology 92 6.4 Underlying Theory and Theoretical Assumptions 94 6.5 Use and Implementation 98 6.6 Empirical Research on Use and Efficiency 101 6.7 Weaknesses, Limitations, and Criticism 103 6.8 Relations to Other Safety Principles 105 Acknowledgment 108 References 108 Further Reading 114 Part II Information and Control 115 7 Experience Feedback 117 Urban Kjellen 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Origin and History 118 7.3 Definitions 121 7.4 Underlying Theories and Assumptions 122 7.5 Use and Implementation 127 7.6 Empirical Research on Use and Efficiency 135 7.7 Relations to Other Safety Principles 137 References 138 Further Reading 141 8 Risk and Safety Indicators 142 Drew Rae 8.1 Introduction 142 8.2 Origin and History 143 8.3 Definitions and Terminology 145 8.4 Underlying Theory and Theoretical Assumptions 146 8.5 Use and Implementation 152 8.6 Empirical Research on Use and Efficacy 154 8.7 Weaknesses, Limitations, and Criticism 155 8.8 Relations to Other Safety Principles 158 References 159 9 Principles of Human Factors Engineering 164 Leena Norros and Paula Savioja 9.1 Introduction 164 9.2 Principle 1: HFE is Design Thinking 167 9.3 Principle 2: HFE Studies Human as a Manifold Entity 172 9.4 Principle 3: HFE Focuses on Technology in Use 177 9.5 Principle 4: Safety is Achieved Through Continuous HFE 182 9.6 Relation to Other Safety Principles 187 9.7 Limitations 188 9.8 Conclusions 189 References 190 Further Reading 195 10 Safety Automation 196 Bjoern Wahlstroem 10.1 Introduction 196 10.2 Origin and History 201 10.3 Definitions and Terminology 205 10.4 Underlying Theories and Assumptions 211 10.5 Use and Implementation 215 10.6 Research on Use and Efficiency 220 10.7 Weaknesses, Limitations, and Criticism 222 10.8 Relations to Other Safety Principles 225 10.9